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Table 5 Estimates of association between each subtype of child maltreatment and adulthood wages (N = 2644)

From: Association of Child Maltreatment with South African Adults’ Wages: Evidence from the Cape Area Panel Study

Variables H2S MLE Weighted MLE
Coefficient Standard error Coefficient Standard error Coefficient Standard error
Child maltreatment: never vs. at least once
 Put down −0.08** (0.03) − 0.06** (0.03) − 0.08** (0.03)
 Afraid of hurt −0.10*** (0.03) −0.08*** (0.03) −0.09** (0.04)
 Push −0.14*** (0.03) −0.13*** (0.03) −0.15*** (0.03)
 Hit hard −0.07* (0.04) −0.06 (0.04) −0.12*** (0.05)
Child maltreatment: never vs. low frequency; never vs. high frequency
 Put down (low) −0.07* (0.03) −0.05 (0.03) −0.06 (0.04)
 Put down (high) −0.16*** (0.06) −0.14*** (0.05) −0.16** (0.06)
 Afraid of hurt (low) −0.09*** (0.03) −0.08** (0.03) −0.08** (0.04)
 Afraid of hurt (high) −0.15** (0.08) −0.14* (0.07) −0.20** (0.08)
 Push (low) −0.13*** (0.04) −0.12*** (0.03) −0.14*** (0.04)
 Push (high) −0.25*** (0.08) −0.24*** (0.07) −0.27*** (0.06)
 Hit hard (low) −0.06 (0.05) −0.05 (0.04) −0.10* (0.05)
 Hit hard (high) −0.17* (0.10) −0.16* (0.10) −0.22** (0.10)
  1. Note: Coefficients for each subtype of child maltreatment come from separated regressions. Regressions in Heckman outocme equation with controls including gender, race, age, age squared, education level, marital status, home language, household size, female-headed household, mother’s education and household per capita income. Controls in Heckman selection equation are the same elements plus “have a child” and “in school”. “low” and “high” refer to low frequency and high frequency respectively. Standard error in parentheses
  2. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1